Example: touch file.txt creates a file named file.txt in the current directory.
mkdir, rmdir: Create, remove directories.
mkdir newdir: Creates a new directory named newdir.
rmdir emptydir: Deletes an empty directory named emptydir.
ls: List the contents of the current directory.
Example: ls -l lists all files and directories (excluding hidden files) in the current directory in long format, including permissions, owner, group, modification time, etc.
Example: ls -a lists all files, including hidden files (files starting with .).
ls -lhrtai
ls -l -h -r -t -a
cd: Change directory, enter a specified directory.
Example: cd ./newdir changes from the current directory to newdir directory.
Example: cd .. goes back to the parent directory.
cat, more, less, head, tail: View file contents.
Example: cat file.txt displays the entire content of file.txt.
Example: head -n 5 file.txt displays the first 5 lines of file.txt.
Example: less file.txt displays the file file.txt in a paginated manner, allowing for scrolling up and down.
Example: tail -n 3 file.txt displays the last 3 lines of file.txt.
cp, mv, rm: Copy, move, delete files.
Example: cp source.txt destination.txt copies source.txt to destination.txt.
Example: mv oldname.txt newname.txt renames oldname.txt to newname.txt.
Example: rm file.txt deletes the file file.txt.
chmod, chown: Modify file permissions.
chmod 755 script.sh sets the permissions of script.sh to read, write, and execute for the owner, and read and execute for the group and others.
chown user:group file.txt changes the owner of file.txt to user and the group to group.